Abstract
A simple and low-cost Fiber Optic Displacement Sensor (FODS) using reflective intensity modulation technique was developed to analyze various concentrations of Pb2+, a compound classified under heavy metal ions. Lead is harmful to the environment including to human but is used in the cosmetic field for beauty without realizing and considering the hazardousness of lead as it would cause a long-term effect. Therefore, a feasible way has been identified in this study to demonstrate the level of Pb2+ concentration in cosmetics field by employing the theory of modulation of intensity as a function of displacement sensor. The permissible limit according to Malaysian Cosmetics Guidelines and ASEAN Cosmetic Directive was 20 ppm. The concentration sensor’s system exhibits 0.0018 V/ppm sensitivity with a linearity of 96% and 94% respectively, for both peaks. Meanwhile, the sensitivity was 0.034 V/ppm for the first peak and 27.72 V/ppm for the second peak, with slope linearity of more than 96% for surface tension parameter. The credibility of these optical response curves data might be useful, especially in the cosmetic’s industrial application.
Highlights
Optical fiber is created in a cylindrical form and with a signal arrays at 6 Mb/s near at 10 km far away
The concentrations of the lead were varied using the dilution formula below: M1V1 = M2V2 where M1 is a concentration in molarity of the concentrated solution, M2 is a concentration in molarity of the diluted solution (PPPP(NNNN3)2 ), V1 is a volume of the concentrated stock solution, and V2 is a volume of the diluted working solution
Fiber optic displacement sensor through reflective intensity modulation technique was successfully employed as a potential device to analyze the hazardousness of Pb2+ level
Summary
Optical fiber is created in a cylindrical form and with a signal arrays at 6 Mb/s near at 10 km far away. It can be called as a dielectric waveguide and in the form of light, it produces electromagnetic (EM) energy. George et al stated that fiber optic sensor is widely used in chemical sensing due to its simplicity, inexpensive, and easy to use [1]. Detection of the concentration and refractive index of a liquid solution has been produced widely using various types of optical fiber sensor. Two optical waves are merged to produce interference fringes for the interferometry-based FODS. For the sensing principle, a pair of fiber is bundled together to construct FODS with one of the optical fibers will be the receiving fiber while another fiber will be the transmitting fiber
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