Optical-reciprocity-induced symmetry in photonic heterostructures and its manifestation in scatteringPT-symmetry breaking

Abstract

The scattering matrix $S$ obeys the unitary relation $S^\dagger S=1$ in a Hermitian system and the symmetry property ${\cal PT}S{\cal PT}=S^{-1}$ in a Parity-Time (${\cal PT}$) symmetric system. Here we report a different symmetry relation of the $S$ matrix in a one-dimensional heterostructure, which is given by the amplitude ratio of the incident waves in the scattering eigenstates. It originates from the optical reciprocity and holds independent of the Hermiticity or $\cal PT$ symmetry of the system. Using this symmetry relation, we probe a quasi-transition that is reminiscent of the spontaneous symmetry breaking of a $\cal PT$-symmetric $S$ matrix, now with unbalanced gain and loss and even in the absence of gain. We show that the additional symmetry relation provides a clear evidence of an exceptional point, even when all other signatures of the $\cal PT$ symmetry breaking are completely erased. We also discuss the existence of a final exceptional point in this correspondence, which is attributed to asymmetric reflections from the two sides of the heterostructure.