Abstract
Optical properties of plasmas, including dielectric constants, indices of refraction, and absorption coefficients, are determined from an average-atom point of view. Linear response of an average atom to a harmonic electric field leads to an average-atom version of the Kubo–Greenwood formula, which is used to calculate the frequency-dependent electric conductivity of the plasma. The frequency-dependent dielectric function is determined from the conductivity using Kramers–Kronig dispersion relations. The index of refraction and absorption coefficient of the plasma are subsequently obtained from the dielectric function. Comparing the present results with the free-electron model helps one understand anomalies observed recently in space and time resolved interferograms of Al plasmas produced by 13.9- and 14.7-nm X-ray lasers.
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