Abstract
Recently, the development of motion-free 3D microscopy utilizing focus tunable lenses (FTL) has been rapid. However, the downgrade of optical performance due to FTL and its gravity effect are rarely discussed in detail. Also, color dispersion is usually maintained purely depending on the FTL material without further correction. In this manuscript, we provide a quantitative evaluation of the impact of FTL on the optical performance of the microscope. The evaluation is based on both optical ray tracing simulations and lab experiments. In addition, we derive the first order conditions to correct axial color aberration of FTL through its entire power tuning range. Secondary spectrum correction is also possible and an apochromatic motion-free 3D microscope with 2 additional doublets is demonstrated. This study will serve a guidance in utilizing FTL as a motion-free element for 3D microscopy.
Highlights
For the last 2 decades, focus tunable lenses (FTL) are being rapidly developed, from concepts and prototypes on paper to commercially available products
When discussing the applications of FTLs in general, the impact caused by gravity when positioning FTLs in the horizontal direction is often overlooked by designers [19]. We address these issues by providing a comprehensive evaluation on optical performance of 3D microscopy using FTL
We provide a detailed evaluation of 3D microscopy with focus tunable lens
Summary
For the last 2 decades, focus tunable lenses (FTL) are being rapidly developed, from concepts and prototypes on paper to commercially available products. The major drawback of the LC tunable lens is its sensitivity to light polarization, slow in response time and low in optical damage threshold [5] Another way of achieving FTL is by the liquid-liquid deformation using electrowetting principle [6]. Two non-miscible liquids with different refractive index form a natural liquid-liquid interface, the curvature of the interface is tunable when applying voltage, changing the focal length. When discussing the applications of FTLs in general, the impact caused by gravity when positioning FTLs in the horizontal direction is often overlooked by designers [19] In this manuscript, we address these issues by providing a comprehensive evaluation on optical performance of 3D microscopy using FTL. We purpose a novel method for correcting chromatic aberration of FTL at the end of the manuscript
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