Abstract
Thin-film optical modulators may find widespread application in communications and information processing systems because of their high bandwidth, low electrical power requirements, and compatibility with other thin-film components. A thin-film modulator consists of a dielectric waveguide and an appropriate electrode structure. An applied electric or magnetic field or a traveling acoustic wave alters the dielectric tensor of the film and/or substrate in such a manner as to change the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the guided light wave. Materials have included semiconducting III–V and II–VI compounds, LiNbO3, and nitrobenzine liquid for electro-optic devices, garnets for magneto-optic devices, and glass films on quartz and LiNbO3 substrates for acousto-optic devices. This paper will review the theory of dielectric waveguides and input-output coupling as well materials, fabrication techniques, and performance characteristics for the various types of thin-film modulators.
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