Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and third most common cause of disability worldwide. Therefore, it is an important disease from a medical standpoint. For this reason, various studies have developed diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for stroke. Among them, developments and applications of optical modalities are being extensively studied. In this article, we explored three important optical modalities for research, diagnostic, and therapeutics for stroke and the brain injuries related to it: (1) photochemical thrombosis to investigate stroke animal models; (2) optical imaging techniques for in vivo preclinical studies on stroke; and (3) optical neurostimulation based therapy for stroke. We believe that an exploration and an analysis of previous studies will help us proceed from research to clinical applications of optical modalities for research, diagnosis, and treatment of stroke.
Highlights
A stroke occurs when partial blood supply to brain suddenly stops or when the blood vessels of the brain burst, spilling blood into a space surrounding the brain cells which die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood or when there is sudden bleeding in or around the brain
Giacalone et al studied a diagnostic feature extraction of acute ischemic stroke for oxy-/deoxy-/total hemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation that can be measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (f NIRS) in a clinical stage [65]
The optical imaging techniques employed for studying cerebrovascular strokes, such as fluorescence imaging, f NIRS imaging, which is based on light irradiations with multiple near-infrared wavelengths for noninvasive acquisition of hemoglobin information; Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, which is used to obtain information of label-free brain tissue and blood vessels; and photoacoustic imaging employed for studying cerebral blood vessels and to gather functionalized information were explored
Summary
A stroke occurs when partial blood supply to brain suddenly stops or when the blood vessels of the brain burst, spilling blood into a space surrounding the brain cells which die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood or when there is sudden bleeding in or around the brain. Energy production decreases due to a damage of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) [5,6] As a result, both necrosis and apoptosis of neuronal cells occur in brain tissues damaged by stroke. Blood corpuscles are accumulated by factors such as interleukin 8 (IL-8) expressed in damaged brain tissue by stroke [7] It enhances an inflammatory response of the brain tissue. Three detailed techniques are addressed: (1) photochemical thrombosis to establish stroke animal models with localized brain lesions; (2) optical imaging techniques for in vivo preclinical studies for understanding stroke mechanism and developing diagnostic or treatment modalities; and (3) optical neurostimulation based therapy of stroke and preclinical and clinical assays related to it; and. An identification, and an analysis of previous studies of optical modalities for stroke are confident that they will help with the processes from studies to clinical applications of optical methods for research, diagnosis, and treatment of stroke
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