Abstract
Combined microwave–optical pump–probe methods are emerging to study the quantum state of spin qubit centers and the charge dynamics in semiconductors. A major hindrance is the limited bandwidth of microwave irradiation/detection circuitry which can be overcome with the use of broadband coplanar waveguides (CPWs). The development and performance characterization of two spectrometers is presented as follows: an optically detected magnetic resonance spectrometer (ODMR) and a microwave‐detected photoconductivity measurement. In the first method, light serves as detection and microwaves excite the investigated medium, whereas in the second, the roles are interchanged. The performance is demonstrated by measuring ODMR maps on the nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) center in diamond and time‐resolved photoconductivity in p‐doped silicon. The results demonstrate both an efficient coupling of the microwave irradiation to the samples as well as an excellent sensitivity for minute changes in sample conductivity.
Highlights
Optical pump–probe spectroscopy and microscopy experiments tion
This contactless represent an important branch of tools to study the conduction method enables manufacturers to determine impurity concentradynamics in novel materials[1] or nonequilibrium states.[2] tions with great accuracy and researchers to gain information on Alternatively, electromagnetic radiation with very different wave- charge carrier dynamics on the nanosecond timescale
optically detected magnetic resonance spectrometer (ODMR) measurements were performed on single crystal (3 Â 3 Â 0.3 mm) type-Ib diamond samples (Element Six Ltd.) produced by high pressure high temperature method (HPHT), containing less than 200 ppm substitutional nitrogen
Summary
Optical pump–probe spectroscopy and microscopy experiments tion. It is even possible to detect the change in luminescence of a single molecule.[10] μ-PCD measurement[11] is widely used in semiconductor industry to study the impurity concentration in silicon wafers[12] or nonsilicon semiconductors such as CdTe.[13]. The combined microwave–optical pump–probe high microwave power to electric or magnetic field conversion due methods enable, for example, to detect microwave-induced spin to the resonator quality factor, at the cost of a reduced bandwidth. Coplanar waveguides (CPWs)[15,16] and slot lines[17] consist of metallic lines placed on high dielectric constant substrates This layout confines the microwave fields traveling in a quasi-TEM (transverse electromagnetic) mode[18] to a small volume giving a huge electromagnetic energy density competing with classical resonators. These miniaturized waveguides can be combined with surface mount devices (SMDs)[19]. The μ-PCD instrument has a good sensitivity for small changes in sample conductivity during the transient decay of the charge carriers
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