Abstract
The detection of small quantities of proteinuria has gained significance as multiple studies have demonstrated its diagnostic, pathogenic, and prognostic importance. More than 260 samples of urine taken from the patients suffering chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes and hypertension have been analysed in the certified laboratory, with urine analyser H-50 (urine test strips) and with an optoelectronic set-up specially designed for this study. Albumin, protein and creatinine concentrations have been determined in the laboratory and the data thoroughly analysed with the aim to find new approaches to tackle the lowered level proteinuria problems. Special attention has been paid to a particular screening focus group of 16 patients all having normal or slightly abnormal levels of albumin in parallel with enhanced levels of total protein (45% cases) up to 0.4 g/L. A fair correlation between the maxima in the protein, protein/creatinine, protein/albumin values and CKD in the focus group has been observed. The urine test strips method gave 94% negative false results for the focus group whereas the new sensor has shown in all cases the presence of proteins. The sensor signals higher than the mean in this focus group were obtained for the donors with the diagnosed CKD and some other diseases. The new method is based on the optical absorption measurements (285 nm) in the protein fractions received with use of the commercial desalting columns PD-10. The method can be applied in the wide region of protein concentrations from ≤0.1 g/L up to the levels of severe proteinuria (~10g/L).
Highlights
Population studies have demonstrated the presence of the chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 10% cases and CKD is an important public health issue
This may be appropriate because the CKD is the common disease and higher albuminuria is associated with adverse kidney outcomes [6]
The determination of protein concentration is based on the measurement of the UV (285 nm) absorption in fractions of urine eluted using the commercial columns PD-10 and specially designed optical cell
Summary
Population studies have demonstrated the presence of the chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 10% cases and CKD is an important public health issue. There exists a large need for the express and cheap methods for the population screening and regular monitoring of albumin and/or protein levels in urine of people suffering the CKD. One can think that the development of assay methods will allow the people to perform self-screening even at home This may be appropriate because the CKD is the common disease and higher albuminuria is associated with adverse kidney outcomes [6]. In this study we have encountered a particular case where by the low (normal or slightly abnormal) levels of urine albumin (≤ 0.03 g/L) the total protein concentrations can be rather high, e.g., by the factor of 10 and much more. Abnormal protein level is correlated with diabetes, hypertension, kidney and urinary failures in these urine donors This new fact directly points to one more reason why it is important to provide the total protein quantification in urine
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