Abstract
The emergence of optical imaging has revolutionized the investigation of cardiac electrical activity and associated disorders in various cardiac pathologies. The electrical signals of the heart and the propagation pathways are crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of various cardiac pathological conditions, including arrhythmia. The synthesis of near-infrared voltage-sensitive dyes and the voltage sensitivity of the FDA-approved dye Cardiogreen have increased the importance of optical mapping (OM) as a prospective tool in clinical practice. We aimed to develop a method for the high-spatiotemporal-resolution OM of the large animal hearts in situ using di-4-ANBDQBS and Cardiogreen under patho/physiological conditions. OM was adapted to monitor cardiac electrical behaviour in an open-chest pig heart model with physiological or artificial blood circulation. We detail the methods and display the OM data obtained using di-4-ANBDQBS and Cardiogreen. Activation time, action potential duration, repolarization time and conduction velocity maps were constructed. The technique was applied to track cardiac electrical activity during regional ischaemia and arrhythmia. Our study is the first to apply high-spatiotemporal-resolution OM in the pig heart in situ to record cardiac electrical activity qualitatively under artificial blood perfusion. The use of an FDA-approved voltage-sensitive dye and artificial blood perfusion in a swine model, which is generally accepted as a valuable pre-clinical model, demonstrates the promise of OM for clinical application.
Highlights
Our aim was to develop an optical mapping (OM) system adapted for large animals and suitable for the high-spatiotemporalresolution recording of cardiac electrical activity under artificial blood perfusion, a condition that is widely used in cardiac surgery
The activation time, optical action potential duration at 50% and at 80% repolarization (OAPD50, OAPD80, respectively), and repolarization time maps show that APs could be registered by this method, the quality of the APs was restricted in terms of area because at the edges of the mapping area, the OAPs were distorted by contractions (Fig. 2d RV1 vs. RV2)
Lee et al.[17] presented activation maps recorded in both modes
Summary
Our aim was to develop an OM system adapted for large animals and suitable for the high-spatiotemporalresolution recording of cardiac electrical activity under artificial blood perfusion, a condition that is widely used in cardiac surgery. Additional experiments were performed in freely contracting heart using glued metal frame for the immobilization of a part of anterior surface of the heart under physiological blood circulation. We used a swine model and performed open-chest heart surgery. Voltage-sensitive dyes di-4-ANBDQBS and Cardiogreen, we recorded the electrical activity of the heart in situ. We present a detailed description of the methods used and high-spatiotemporal-resolution OM data obtained from pig hearts in situ under normal and pathophysiological conditions. The use of artificial blood perfusion and an FDA-approved voltage-sensitive dye demonstrates the promise of the registration of cardiac electrical activity for clinical application, such as in open-heart surgery
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