Abstract
Efficient optical interfaces are challenging due to the micrometer-scale wavelength of light. We provide an overview and classification of the most successful and most promising optical interface methods used for silicon photonic integrated circuits. Coupling interfaces can be divided into three main categories: chip-to-chip, fiber-to-chip, and free-space-to-chip. Depending on this interface and the application, one can opt for a diffraction-based grating coupler or a mode-evolution-based edge coupler. The functional, performance, design, development, packaging, and cost tradeoffs for each method are discussed. We then analyze the recent development of arraying optical emitting elements in optical phased arrays for free-space applications such as LiDAR and data communication.
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