Abstract
Oil and gas (O&G) explorations moving into deeper zones for enhanced oil and gas recovery are causing serious safety concerns across the world. The sensing of critical multiple parameters like high pressure, high temperature (HPHT), chemicals, etc., are required at longer distances in real-time. Traditional electrical sensors operate less effectively under these extreme environmental conditions and are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Hence, there is a growing demand for improved sensors with enhanced measurement capabilities and also sensors that generates reliable data for enhanced oil and gas production. In addition to enhanced oil and gas recovery, the sensing technology should also be capable of monitoring the well bore integrity and safety. The sensing requirements of the O&G industry for improved sensing in deeper zones include increased transmission length, improved spatial coverage and integration of multiple sensors with multimodal sensing capability. This imposes problems like signal attenuation, crosstalks and cross sensitivities. Optical fibre-based sensors are expected to provide superior sensing capabilities compared to electrical sensors. This review paper covers a detailed review of different fibre-optic sensing technologies to identify a feasible sensing solution for the O&G industry.
Highlights
In recent years, the recovery of hydrocarbons has become more and more difficult and challenging as exploration and production operations tend to seek new fronts into deep and ultra-deep harsh environments
The various distributed sensing technologies (DTSS, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), Distributed Pressure Sensing (DPS), Distributed Chemical Sensing (DCS), etc.), FBG sensors, interferometry-based sensors are all efficient for single parameter measurement— either temperature, pressure, vibration or strain
The technical challenges associated with the different fibre-optic sensing technologies, especially the most commonly used FBG sensors and distributed fibre-optic sensors were described in detail
Summary
The recovery of hydrocarbons has become more and more difficult and challenging as exploration and production operations tend to seek new fronts into deep and ultra-deep harsh environments. Fibre-optic Monitoring represents an opportunity for the current oil and gas industry to manage and subsequently optimize its resources in a more effective manner and provide real-time data in a continuous way without interrupting production and reducing well intervention. The rise of relatively expensive multi- lateral hydraulic fracturing, the continued strength of the given capital expenditure for EOR and the intense focus on improving oil recovery make provision for the main markets for the uptake of Fibre-optic Monitoring over the 10 years [21] This exquisite technology has been around for a significant period, researchers are still investigating relatively new ways that this technology can withstand relatively higher temperatures and significant pressures with little disruption.
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