Optical Fiber Communication Systems

Abstract

The Communications Toolbox: Introduction. Probability and Random Variables. Some Important Probability Distributions. Signals and Systems. Random Processes. Spectral Analysis. Narrowband Signals and Systems. Elements of Detection Theory. From Light to Signals. Basic Optical Fiber Communications Components: Introduction. The Refractive Index and the Laws of Reflection and Refraction. Total Internal Refraction. Step Index Fibers and Slab Waveguides. Maxwell's Equations in the Slab Waveguide. Even Propagation Modes. Odd Propagation Modes. Number of Modes and Single-Mode Fibers. Phase Velocity. Group Velocity. Attenuation and Dispersion. Dispersion-Shifted and Dispersion-Flattened Fibers. Polarization-Maintaining and Single-Polarization Fibers. The P-N Junction. Single Heterostructure. Double Heterostructure. LED Physical Structure. The LED Rate Equation. LED Output Spectrum. LED Modulation Response. The Fabry-Perot Resonator. Semiconductor Laser Physical Structure. Laser Output Spectrum--Spectral Width and Linewidth. Bragg Reflections. Distributed Feedback (DFB) and Distributed Bragg Reflection (DBR) Lasers. Rate Equations. The Steady-State Solution to the Rate Equations. Laser Modulation--Step Response. Laser Modulation--Sinusoidal Frequency Response. Relative Intensity Noise (RIN), Phase and Frequency Noise, Chirp. Laser Package. The PIN Photodiode. The Avalanche Photodiode, ADP. Basic Binary Optical Communication System: Introduction. System Description. Performance Evaluation. Coherent Systems: Motivations and Basics. Fundamental Receiver Sensitivity--Homodyne Systems. Heterodyne Systems--Synchronous Detection. Heterodyne Systems--Asynchronous Detection. Heterodyne Systems--Weakly Synchronous Detection. Summary and Comparison of Fundamental Sensitivities. Optical Hybrids. Phase Noise and Linewidth. Synchronous Systems. Asynchronous Systems. Weakly Synchronous Systems. How to Deal with Phase Noise--Summary. Polarization Fluctuations. Appendix A--Statistics of Phase Noise to Amplitude Conversion. Appendix B--Evaluation of Averages by Quadrature Rules. Optical Amplifiers: Introduction. Semiconductor Amplifiers. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier. Comparison of Major SOA and EDFA Characteristics. Other Fiber Amplifiers. Soliton Systems: Intuitive Explanation of Solitons. Advantages of Solitons for Long Distance Transmission. Derivation of Solitons. Amplitude, Duration, Energy, and Power. Higher-Order Solitons. Qualitative Physical Explanation of Solitons. Estimation of Peak Pulse Power Required for Solitons. Fiber Loss and its Compensation. Lumped Amplifiers in Soliton Systems. Polarization Dispersion. Amplified Spontaneous Emission Noise in Soliton Systems. Error Rates in Soliton Systems. Soliton Experiments. Using Recirculating Loops. Wavelength Division Multiplexing with Solitons. Bidirectional Soliton Systems. Sources of Soliton Pulses. Beyond the Gordon-Haus Limit. Multichannel Systems: Introduction. Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM). Wavelength-Division Multiplexing. Subcarrier Multiplexing. Code-Division Multiplexing. Space-Division Multiplexing. Network Issues.