Abstract
A comprehensive review of optical biosensors for the detection of biomarkers associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is presented here, including microRNAs (miRNAs), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and histidine, which are biomarkers that enable RA detection and/or monitoring. An overview of the different optical biosensors (based on fluorescence, plasmon resonances, interferometry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) among other optical techniques) used to detect these biomarkers is given, describing their performance and main characteristics (limit of detection (LOD) and dynamic range), as well as the connection between the respective biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis. It has been observed that the relationship between the corresponding biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis tends to be obviated most of the time when explaining the mechanism of the optical biosensor, which forces the researcher to look for further information about the biomarker. This review work attempts to establish a clear association between optical sensors and rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers as well as to be an easy-to-use tool for the researchers working in this field.
Highlights
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to be the most common type of autoimmune arthritis by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) [1] as well as being the most common type of inflammatory arthritis in adults, affecting approximately between 0.5% and 1.0% of the adult population worldwide [2].The inflammation that is derived from suffering rheumatoid arthritis affects the synovium, the membrane that lines and lubricates the joints by producing synovial fluid, causing synovitis, provoking joint pain, stiffness and swelling [3]
The current review focuses on optical biosensors that enable the detection of biomarkers associated to RA
This review provides a clear connection between the biomarkers and RA
Summary
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to be the most common type of autoimmune arthritis by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) [1] as well as being the most common type of inflammatory arthritis in adults, affecting approximately between 0.5% and 1.0% of the adult population worldwide [2]. In a study with RA patients treated with abatacept or adalimumab, no association between the MBDA test result and other previously mentioned disease activity measures (CDAI, SDAI, DAS28-CRP, RAPID3) has been found [11]. This approach based on biomarkers and linked with the utilization of biosensors shows a promising path, as it has the potential for providing clinically valid data on disease activity without depending on the doctor or the patient’s assessment. Other aspects of each table will be commented on in each corresponding section
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