Abstract
The design and development of biosensors, analytical devices used to detect various analytes in different matrices, has emerged. Biosensors indicate a biorecognition element with a physicochemical analyzer or detector, i.e., a transducer. In the present scenario, various types of biosensors have been deployed in healthcare and clinical research, for instance, biosensors for blood glucose monitoring. Pathogenic microbes are contributing mediators of numerous infectious diseases that are becoming extremely serious worldwide. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 is one of the most recent examples of such communal and deadly diseases. In efforts to work towards the efficacious treatment of pathogenic viral contagions, a fast and precise detection method is of the utmost importance in biomedical and healthcare sectors for early diagnostics and timely countermeasures. Among various available sensor systems, optical biosensors offer easy-to-use, fast, portable, handy, multiplexed, direct, real-time, and inexpensive diagnosis with the added advantages of specificity and sensitivity. Many progressive concepts and extremely multidisciplinary approaches, including microelectronics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), nanotechnologies, molecular biology, and biotechnology with chemistry, are used to operate optical biosensors. A portable and handheld optical biosensing device would provide fast and reliable results for the identification and quantitation of pathogenic virus particles in each sample. In the modern day, the integration of intelligent nanomaterials in the developed devices provides much more sensitive and highly advanced sensors that may produce the results in no time and eventually help clinicians and doctors enormously. This review accentuates the existing challenges engaged in converting laboratory research to real-world device applications and optical diagnostics methods for virus infections. The review’s background and progress are expected to be insightful to the researchers in the sensor field and facilitate the design and fabrication of optical sensors for life-threatening viruses with broader applicability to any desired pathogens.
Highlights
A virus is a microscopic parasite and is the most minor transmittable agent, usually much smaller than bacteria
This review focuses on the optical detection of COVID-19, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Influenza, Hepatitis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), HPV, Zika, Herpes simplex virus, Chikungunya, Dengue, and Rotavirus
This study demonstrated a label-free optical technique based on DNA/peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybridization and unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
Summary
A virus is a microscopic parasite and is the most minor transmittable agent, usually much smaller than bacteria. An optical microfluidic chip-based biosensor was developed to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [48]. The P-FAB, which is based on a U-bent optical fiber sensor system, is a handy and sensitive diagnostic platform that has been used to detect a variety of biomolecular analytes for a long time. Kim et al proposed a colorimetric test relying on an expanded form of doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) self-assembly shielded gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) under an electrolyte-rich medium to detect MERS-CoV [58]. The disulfideinduced extended self-assembled complex formed by the target and probes’ dsDNA shields AuNPs against salt-induced aggregation and optical property transition This colorimetric assay was able to distinguish 30 bp MERS-CoV at 1.0 pmol L−1. Diagnosis of HIV through a non-invasive route can be a significant way to diminish death [66]
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