Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a serious social and economic problem of modern society because it is widespread and fraught with numerous complications. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new methods of diabetes mellitus diagnostics and treatment and to improve the existing ones, which, in turn, requires thorough investigation of the disease development mechanisms, as well as elaboration of simple and reliable methods and criteria for detecting the complication precursors. In connection with the solution of these problems, in the paper we present an analytical review of recent publications devoted to the study of the changes of structural and optical properties of biological tissues under the conditions of diabetes mellitus development using in vitro models of glycated tissues, in vivo experimental models of diabetes in laboratory animals, and clinical studies.
Highlights
Classification of diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus can be divided into two principal types: type I is the insulin-dependent diabetes (“diabetes of young”, “immune-mediated diabetes”), type II is the insulin-independent diabetes (“diabetes of aged”) [8, 9, 19, 57]
The patent [128] proposes a device whose operation principle is based on fluorescence, by which it is possible to determine the final products of glycation of collagen, to measure their concentration in skin, the oral mucosa or sclera tissues in order to diagnose diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetic condition
It is of primary value to detect the earliest changes in the tissues, related to the progress of diabetes mellitus at its initial stage
Summary
Diabetes mellitus can be divided into two principal types: type I is the insulin-dependent diabetes (“diabetes of young”, “immune-mediated diabetes”), type II is the insulin-independent diabetes (“diabetes of aged”) [8, 9, 19, 57]. Type II insulin-independent diabetes mellitus develops because of cell resistance to the produced insulin, the insulin deficiency being present in the organism of the patient. Under the excess injection of insulin or its excess production induced by medical preparations in patients with diabetes mellitus, the hypoglycaemic coma (crisis) can happen, when the glucose content in blood falls below 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl). In this case, the organism has not enough energy to support normal vital activity, which leads to weakness, trembling, irritability, tachycardia, and hunger, with possible loss of consciousness and fatal outcome [8]. The changes that occur in the tissues of the organism under the development of diabetes mellitus are investigated both in laboratory animals using experimental models [9,10,11, 17, 39, 40, 42, 45,46,47, 71,72,73,74,75,76,77] and directly in patients in the course of clinical examination [12, 35, 78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87]
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