Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Express Environmental Monitoring

Abstract

At the turn of millenniums mankind achieved a big progress in development of industry, which try to go on the level of world population growth to provide its requirements. Energetic and wide activity of people is moving force of progress that leads to appearance of new material welfares and valuables. Unfortunately, along with creative activity of human directed on satisfaction of own requirements it is observed its negative influence on environment. Even air contamination in result of activity of number of industrial factories, which give to us needed foods, is a part of global problem of change for the worse of ecological situation in world. The appearance of some chemical or/and biological c omponents in e nvironment s tipulates o ften t o a rise different dis eases. T o increase social r ole o f t echnical p rogress a nd t o minimize it s de structive e ffect it is necessary to develop appropriate sensitive, selective and rapid instrumental method for registration of main groups toxic agents and some their individual representers. All practical demands in respect of instrumental control of environment may be fulfilled with the help of such devices, which are based on the principles of biosensorics. Early we have analyzed [1] our experimental activity in the development of the electrochemical and optical biosensors intended for the determination of some phosphororganic and biological substances in environment. In this article the main attention we will pay to the development of biosensors for express control of total toxicity of environment and to the determination of some herbicides and detergents in water. Among last substances we will consider atrazine, 2-chloro-4,6-di(N-ethylamino)- 1,3,5-triazine (simazine), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), tween-20, Triton X- 100 and bridg-35. In case of the determination of total toxicity the main attention will be paid to the development of optical biosensor based on the Daphnia as sensitive organism. This organism is used at the fulfillment of the International standard in case of total toxicity control.