Abstract
SUMMARYAs we age, there are characteristic changes in our thinking, reasoning and memory skills (referred to as cognitive ageing). However, variation between people in the timing and degree of change experienced suggests that a range of factors determine individual cognitive ageing trajectories. This narrative review considers some of the lifestyle factors that might promote (or harm) cognitive health. The focus on lifestyle factors is because these are potentially modifiable by individuals or may be the targets of behavioural or societal interventions. To support that, the review briefly considers people's beliefs and attitudes about cognitive ageing; the nature and timing of cognitive changes across the lifespan; and the genetic contributions to cognitive ability level and change. In introducing potentially modifiable determinants, a framing that draws evidence derived from epidemiological studies of dementia is provided, before an overview of lifestyle and behavioural predictors of cognitive health, including education and occupation, diet and activity.
Highlights
The final section of this review considers a limited selection of the lifestyle and behavioural factors that might be relevant to cognitive ability and change across the lifespan
That there is variation in cognitive ageing suggests a range of factors determine this
In exploring lifestyles and behaviours associated with cognitive health, it is important to reiterate that the factors considered in this narrative review are not intended to be exhaustive or complete
Summary
Distribution of modifiable factors with Class I recommendation throughout the course of life. The complexity of one’s occupation is often considered as a potential determinant of later cognitive ability level and change. There are often inconsistencies in the findings reported, between observational versus randomised controlled trials, and it would be difficult to produce a detailed list of recommendations from hundreds of individually considered nutrients. In considering lifestyle and behavioural factors associated with cognitive health, engagement in mental, social and physical leisure activities is commonly proposed as beneficial (Hertzog 2008; Bielak 2010). It is often reported that more active individuals have a higher level of cognitive ability and a reduced rate of change (Hertzog 2008), the latter aspect is less consistently supported. In reviewing ‘real-world’ interventions, it was suggested that benefits were clearest from physical activity, and more so for the cognitive abilities sensitive to age-related decline (Vaportzis 2019). Brain games may be fun for many, but, as suggested by the Global Council on Brain Health report, the weak or non-existent evidence for their benefits limits broader recommendations for them
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