Abstract
Ips subelongatus is a major pest that infects larch plantations over large areas of northern and northeastern China. Ips species are closely associated with ophiostomatoid fungi that are morphologically well-adapted for dispersal by beetles. These associations result in important threat for coniferous forests worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize the ophiostomatoid communities associated with I. subelongatus infesting Larix species and sympatric Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in northeastern China forests. Morphological and multilocus phylogenetic approaches (based on six markers: ITS, LSU, 60S, β-tubulin, EF-1α, and CAL gene regions) allowed identifying 14 species of four genera (Ceratocystiopsis, Endoconidiophora, Leptographium and Ophiostoma). Eight species are showed to be new to science. Most strains resided in two Ophiostoma species complexes, viz. the O. clavatum and the O. ips complexes, all together accounting for 76.8% of all isolates. Ophiostoma hongxingense sp. nov., O. peniculi sp. nov., and O. subelongati sp. nov. (O. clavatum complex) and O. pseudobicolor sp. nov. (O. ips complex) were the four dominant species. The ophiostomatoid communities associated with larch bark beetles, I. cembrae and I. subelongatus, in Europe and Asia, China and Japan, also were compared. These comparisons showed distinct, specific assemblage patterns.
Highlights
Globalization has hastened the emergence of tree pests, prompting the urgent need for a global strategy to manage the vitally important issues of forest pests (Wingfield et al 2015)
Collection of samples and isolation of fungi Fungi were isolated from adults of Ips subelongatus and their breeding galleries in Larix gmelinii, L. olgensis, L. principis-rupprechtii and, in some cases, in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica during the beetle’s second mass flight period, which is from July to August, at 20 locations in northeastern China, including the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Jilin and the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia (Fig. 1), from year 2010 to 2017
Phylograms obtained by maximum likelihood (ML) are presented for all the individual datasets, with branch supports obtained from ML, maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses indicated
Summary
Globalization has hastened the emergence of tree pests, prompting the urgent need for a global strategy to manage the vitally important issues of forest pests (Wingfield et al 2015). Ips subelongatus is a widely distributed bark beetle species in east Asia, spanning over Japan, Korea, Northern China, Mongolia, and the Russian Far East. In China, I. subelongatus mainly infects three allopatric larches (Yang et al 2007); they are L. gmelinii in the Da Xing’an and Xiao Xing’an mountain ranges in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province, L. olgensis in southeastern Heilongjiang Province, the Chang Bai mountain range in Jilin and Liaoning Provinces, and L. principisrupprechtii in middle Inner Mongolia as well as Beijing, Hebei, and Shanxi Provinces These larches constitute the main component of one of the largest forested area in northeastern China
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