Abstract
This paper presents research on a hybrid photovoltaic-battery energy storage system, declaring its hourly production levels as a member of a balancing group submitting common scheduling unit to the day-ahead market. It also discusses the variability of photovoltaic system generation and energy storage response. The major research questions were whether the operation of a hybrid photovoltaic-battery energy storage system is viable from the technical and economic viewpoint and how to size battery energy storage for that purpose. The DIgSILENT PowerFactory environment was used to develop the simulation model of postulated hybrid system. Then, tests were conducted on real devices installed in the LINTE^2 laboratory at Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland. Firstly, power generation in the photovoltaic system was modeled using hardware in the loop technique and tested in cooperation with emulated photovoltaic and real battery energy storage system (lithium-ion battery, 25 kWh). Secondly, a real photovoltaic power plant (33 kW) and real battery energy storage were applied. The results obtained from laboratory experiments showed that market operation of hybrid photovoltaic-battery energy storage system is feasible. However, developing a control strategy constitutes a great challenge, as the operator is forced to intervene more frequently than the simulation models indicate in order to keep the parameters of battery storage within accepted ranges, especially in view of a sudden weather breakdown. Levelized cost of electricity from photovoltaic-battery energy storage system varied from 314 to 455 $/MWh, which has proven to be from two to three times higher than the current annual average day-ahead market price in Poland.
Highlights
Due to the increasing concern over the greenhouse effect and the possible harmful impact of fossil-fuel-based power generation on human health, the European Union (EU) seeks a common long-term energy strategy to decarbonize the power sector [1]
Fossil-fuel-based units can offer electricity on the market at a generally lower production cost as compared to solar PV and wind [3]. They are the source of emissions and their generation costs are expected to increase as the emission allowance costs will rise due to the implementation, into the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) [4], of a mechanism of Market Stability Reserve [5], which
The results show that there is a need for electricity balancing market participation, despite the BESS being in place
Summary
Due to the increasing concern over the greenhouse effect and the possible harmful impact of fossil-fuel-based power generation on human health, the European Union (EU) seeks a common long-term energy strategy to decarbonize the power sector [1]. Krishnamurthy et al [22] developed a stochastic model to maximize profit being subject to uncertainty, when the storage owner participates in the day-ahead and real-time markets He et al [23] studied the optimal bidding strategy of the battery energy storage operating on electricity markets, taking into account performance-based regulation and battery lifespan. Published research on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) focused separately on PV or BES systems, while there was no reports on the LCOE of hybrid PV-BESS operating on the DAM, which involved both balancing costs and battery ageing. The major contributions of the paper are: 1) the methodology of battery sizing and the simulation of its operation in a hybrid system with PV to submit bids to the common scheduling unit offered by the balancing group in a day-ahead market; 2) the methodology of real-life validation of the simulation models using laboratory-scale.
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