Operating an ozone-evolving PEM electrolyser in tap water: A case study of water and ion transport

Abstract

While PEM water electrolysis could be a favourable technique for in situ sanitization with ozone, its application is mainly limited to the use of ultrapure water to achieve a sufficient long-time stability. As additional charge carriers influence the occurring transport phenomena, we investigated the impact of different feed water qualities on the performance of a PEM tap water electrolyser for ozone evolution. The permeation of water and the four most abundant cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) is characterised during stand-by and powered operation at different charge densities to quantify underlying transport mechanisms. Water transport is shown to linearly increase with the applied current (95 ± 2 mmol A−1 h−1) and occurs decoupled from ion permeation. A limitation of ion permeation is given by the transfer of ions in water to the anode/PEM interface. The unstabilized operation of a PEM electrolyser in tap water leads to a pH gradient which promotes the formation of magnesium and calcium carbonates and hydroxides on the cathode surface. The introduction of a novel auxiliary cathode in the anolytic compartment has shown to suppress ion permeation by close to 20%.