Abstract
BackgroundDespite the great impact of information and communication technologies on clinical practice and on the quality of health services, this trend has been almost exclusive to developed countries, whereas countries with poor resources suffer from many economic and social issues that have hindered the real benefits of electronic health (eHealth) tools. As a component of eHealth systems, electronic health records (EHRs) play a fundamental role in patient management and effective medical care services. Thus, the adoption of EHRs in regions with a lack of infrastructure, untrained staff, and ill-equipped health care providers is an important task. However, the main barrier to adopting EHR software in low- and middle-income countries is the cost of its purchase and maintenance, which highlights the open-source approach as a good solution for these underserved areas.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of open-source EHR systems based on the requirements and limitations of low-resource settings.MethodsFirst, we reviewed existing literature on the comparison of available open-source solutions. In close collaboration with the University of Gondar Hospital, Ethiopia, we identified common limitations in poor resource environments and also the main requirements that EHRs should support. Then, we extensively evaluated the current open-source EHR solutions, discussing their strengths and weaknesses, and their appropriateness to fulfill a predefined set of features relevant for low-resource settings.ResultsThe evaluation methodology allowed assessment of several key aspects of available solutions that are as follows: (1) integrated applications, (2) configurable reports, (3) custom reports, (4) custom forms, (5) interoperability, (6) coding systems, (7) authentication methods, (8) patient portal, (9) access control model, (10) cryptographic features, (11) flexible data model, (12) offline support, (13) native client, (14) Web client,(15) other clients, (16) code-based language, (17) development activity, (18) modularity, (19) user interface, (20) community support, and (21) customization. The quality of each feature is discussed for each of the evaluated solutions and a final comparison is presented.ConclusionsThere is a clear demand for open-source, reliable, and flexible EHR systems in low-resource settings. In this study, we have evaluated and compared five open-source EHR systems following a multidimensional methodology that can provide informed recommendations to other implementers, developers, and health care professionals. We hope that the results of this comparison can guide decision making when needing to adopt, install, and maintain an open-source EHR solution in low-resource settings.
Highlights
Electronic Health RecordsThe world has been moving toward global health and equity in accessing health care services for many decades [1,2,3]
We have evaluated and compared five open-source open-source EHR open-source software (OSS) (EHR) systems following a multidimensional methodology that can provide informed recommendations to other implementers, developers, and health care professionals
To bring positive changes to public medical care in less developed economies, the World Health Organization recommends the adoption of electronic health solutions starting from national eHealth strategy [10] and electronic health records (EHRs) [11]
Summary
Electronic Health RecordsThe world has been moving toward global health and equity in accessing health care services for many decades [1,2,3]. The majority of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still face challenges in providing comprehensive medical care compared with the developed countries. As information and communication technologies have rapidly become involved in health care, in patient management, this has increased the efficiency and effectiveness of services provided by medical care facilities [12,13,14]. Despite the great impact of information and communication technologies on clinical practice and on the quality of health services, this trend has been almost exclusive to developed countries, whereas countries with poor resources suffer from many economic and social issues that have hindered the real benefits of electronic health (eHealth) tools. As a component of eHealth systems, electronic health records (EHRs) play a fundamental role in patient management and effective medical care services. The main barrier to adopting EHR software in low- and middle-income countries is the cost of its purchase and maintenance, which highlights the open-source approach as a good solution for these underserved areas
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