Openness, Optimal Functioning, and Final Causes

Abstract

This is a reply to Jerome Ibbacyk's recent article "Self-Reflective Consciousness and Optimal Psychological Functioning" (JHP, Winter 1993), which criticizes my proposal to replace Maslow's idea of self-actualization with the idea of openness. I argue first that Tbbacyk is incorrect in supposing that our debate is about the proper metaphor or model for "optimal psychological functioning." My concern is not with optimal functioning in Tbacyk's sense but with the distinctive qualities of those individuals whom Maslow called "self-actualizing" and with the question of how best to characterize these individuals. I point out next that my idea of openness does acknowledge the importance of self-reflective consciousness, and I criticize TIbacyk's view that consciousness is central to the development of human character. Finally, I note that Tbbacyk presents no evidence to support the view that Maslovian self-actualization is a final cause even though he objects to my criticism of this view.