Abstract
A series of biocompatible high-porosity (up to 72.4%) TiZr-based porous bulk metallic glass (BMG) scaffolds were successfully fabricated by hot pressing a mixture of toxic element-free TiZr-based BMG powder and an Al particle space holder. The morphology of the fabricated scaffolds was similar to that of human bones, with pore sizes ranging from 75 to 250 μm. X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images indicated that the amorphous structure of the TiZr-based BMG scaffolds remained in the amorphous state after hot pressing. Noncytotoxicity and extracellular calcium deposition of the TiZr-based BMG scaffolds at porosities of 32.8%, 48.8%, and 64.0% were examined by using the direct contact method. The results showed that the BMG scaffolds possess high cell viability and extracellular calcium deposition with average cell survival and deposition rates of approximately 170.1% and 130.9%, respectively. In addition, the resulting TiZr-based BMG scaffolds exhibited a considerable reduction in Young’s moduli from 56.4 to 2.3 GPa, compressive strength from 979 to 19 MPa, and bending strength from 157 MPa to 49 MPa when the porosity was gradually increased from 2.0% to 72.4%. Based on the aforementioned specific characteristics, TiZr-based BMG scaffolds can be considered as potential candidates for biomedical applications in the human body.
Highlights
TiZr bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been fabricated to replace metallic materials in bioimplant applications because of the excellent biocompatibility, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties of BMGs [1,2,3]
A large mismatch in the mechanical behavior, especially Young’s modulus, between the implant made of the TiZr-based BMG and human bones, causes implant loosening, which results in stress shielding [5,6,7,8]
The real porosity of the TiZr-based BMG scaffolds was obtained by using the Archimedes method and verified using statistical averaging calculation over six measurements
Summary
TiZr bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been fabricated to replace metallic materials in bioimplant applications because of the excellent biocompatibility, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties of BMGs [1,2,3]. The TiZr-based BMG showed a high glass-forming ability (GFA) with glass transition (Tg) and crystallization (Tx) temperatures are approximately 758 and 853 K, respectively, together with a large supercooled liquid region SLR, ∆T = Tx − Tg ≈ 95 K and a considerably low liquidus temperature of 1153 K (or 880 ◦C) This proved that the TiZr-based metallic glass possesses the excellent thermal properties required to form BMGFs. the chemical composition contains of Co element are considered as a toxic element, the Co alloys have been developed for biomedical applications [18,19,20]. Al particles with a high thermal conductivity of approximately 240 (W/mK) at room temperature are considered as spacer particles to improve the bonding-force interface between TiZr-based amorphous alloy particles, resulting in enhancing the porosity of the porous sample. The characteristics of the prepared TiZr-based BMG scaffolds, including morphology, crystallinity, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, were characterized and discussed
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