Abstract
ABSTRACT During root development, the teeth are subjected to a variety of assaults. Due to this, the root stops forming and the closure of the apex does not take place. Root canal treatment becomes a major challenge in these cases because of the width of the canal and wide-open apices. Management of open apices includes apexogenesis in vital young permanent teeth and apexification, which is a method to induce a calcified barrier in the root. Newer concepts include regeneration and revascularization procedures, which still need to be experimented with further.
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