Abstract
Patent foramen ovale has been suggested as a major cause of cryptogenic strokes and transient ischemic attack. Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D TEE) with agitated saline contrast is currently the gold standard to diagnose PFO. Valsalva maneuver which is often used to improve the detection of PFOs may be difficult to perform in the sedated patients during TEE. The advent of a real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) allowed direct visualization of the entire fossa ovalis and surrounding structures. In this trial we evaluated the morphologies of PFO with real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and defined the morphologic features to decide the optimum device type in PFO closure.
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