Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Assembly of oocytes into primordial follicles is essential for establishing the ovarian reserve required for female fertility. In mice, this process begins during embryonic development. Primordial germ cells form cysts by incomplete mitosis until 13.5 days post coitum (dpc). These cysts break apart just before birth. Some oocytes undergo apoptosis while surviving oocytes are enclosed by granulosa cells to form primordial follicles. Cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation were previously shown to be inhibited by estradiol and estrogenic compounds in vitro, suggesting that estrogen is important for regulation of this process. Methods: To determine the role of fetal estrogen in cyst breakdown and follicle formation these processes were quantified in aromatase deficient (ArKO) mice between 17.5 dpc and postnatal day (PND) 9. Ovaries of ArKO mice were also examined at 2-week intervals to determine if folliculogenesis is affected by lack of estrogen and the age at which the typical ArKO ovarian phenotype first appears. Results: Oocyte number, follicle assembly, and follicle development in ArKO mice did not differ from controls between 17.5 dpc and PND 9. At 2 weeks, ArKO ovaries still had oocytes in cysts while all oocytes were enclosed in follicles in wild type ovaries. From 2 to 8 weeks oocyte numbers were similar in all genotypes with a significant reduction at 10 weeks in ovaries from homozygous mutants. Abnormal hemorrhagic follicles were observed starting at 6 weeks, earlier than previously reported and hemosiderin deposits were found starting at 8 weeks. Conclusions: These results suggest that a lack of fetal estrogen does not affect oocyte survival or the rate of primordial follicle formation perinatally, and maternal estrogen or other signals are the chief regulators. The appearance of abnormal hemorrhagic follicles observed as early as 6 weeks suggests that the lack of estrogen becomes problematic at this time.
Highlights
Of oocytes into primordial follicles is essential for establishing the ovarian reserve required for female fertility
Cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation were previously shown to be inhibited by estradiol and estrogenic compounds in vitro, suggesting that estrogen is important for regulation of this process
From 2 to 8 weeks oocyte numbers were similar in all genotypes though there was a trend toward fewer total oocytes in ArKO homozygous females as compared to controls at 8 weeks and a significant reduction at 10 weeks. Abnormal structures such as hemorrhagic follicles and hemosiderin deposits were observed starting at 6 weeks. These results suggest that a lack of fetal estrogen does not affect the rate of cyst breakdown or primordial follicle formation perinatally, and maternal estrogen or other signals are the chief regulators
Summary
Of oocytes into primordial follicles is essential for establishing the ovarian reserve required for female fertility. In mice, this process begins during embryonic development. Primordial germ cells form cysts by incomplete mitosis until 13.5 days post coitum (dpc). These cysts break down just before birth. Some oocytes undergo apoptosis while surviving oocytes are enclosed by granulosa cells to form primordial follicles. Cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation were previously shown to be inhibited by estradiol and estrogenic compounds in vitro, suggesting that estrogen is important for regulation of this process
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