Abstract
This paper presents certain reflections concerning an interdisciplinary project between medieval archaeologists from the University of Florence (Italy) and computer science researchers from CNRS, National Center for Scientific Research, (France), aiming towards a connection between 3D spatial representation and archaeological knowledge. We try to develop an integrated system for archaeological 3D survey and all other types of archaeological data and knowledge by incorporating observable (material) and non-graphic (interpretive) data. Survey plays a central role, since it is both a metric representation of the archaeological site and, to a wider extent, an interpretation of it (being also a common basis for communication between the two teams). More specifically, 3D survey is crucial, allowing archaeologists to connect actual spatial assets to the stratigraphic formation processes (i.e., to the archaeological time) and to translate spatial observations into historical interpretation of the site. It is well known that laser scanner, photogrammetry and computer vision are very useful tools for archaeologists, although the integration of the representation of space, as well as archaeological time has not yet found a methodological standard of reference. We propose a common formalism for describing photogrammetric survey and archaeological knowledge stemming from ontologies: indeed, ontologies are fully used to model and store 3D data and archaeological knowledge. We equip this formalism with a qualitative representation of time, starting from archaeological stratigraphy. Stratigraphic analyses (both of excavated deposits and of upstanding structures) are closely related to Edward Cecil Harris’s theory of the “Unit of Stratigraphication” (referred to as “US”, while a stratigraphic unit of an upstanding structure Unita Stratigrafica Murale, in Italian, will be referred to as “USM”). Every US is connected to the others by geometric, topological and, eventually, temporal links, and these are recorded by the 3D photogrammetric survey. However, the limitations of the Harris matrix approach led us to use another formalism for representing stratigraphic relationships, namely Qualitative Constraints Networks (QCN), which was successfully used in the domain of knowledge representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence for representing temporal relations.
Highlights
This paper presents a set of reflections based on sixteen years of interdisciplinary cooperation between medieval archaeologists from the University of Florence (Italy) and computer science
We present in this paper both photogrammetric surveys and their link with archaeological data through a common formalism based both on pure XML and on ontology
As the US are built on measured objects, it will be possible to compute the veracity of the physical relations in order to deduce the temporal relations if they have not been specified by the archaeologist or to ensure a coherence of time relations
Summary
This paper presents a set of reflections based on sixteen years of interdisciplinary cooperation between medieval archaeologists from the University of Florence (Italy) and computer science. The presented work aims at merging photogrammetric survey and temporal relations in order to propose a new representation of temporal relations stemming from temporal qualitative networks thanks to the Allen approach This is done by developing a common framework describing knowledge used in photogrammetry, as well as in stratigraphy fully based on ontologies. An ontology describing the photogrammetric process and the measured artifact (ashlar block, observed relevant surface and the Unit of Stratigraphication (US) and connected concepts) is aligned with the well-known ontology used since a long time in cultural heritage: International Committee for Documentation, Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM) [7]. The objects are modeled according to the point of view of the measurement process but these artifacts or concepts as US can be seen from a cultural heritage or conservation point of view This is the reason why we have aligned our ontology with. We present in this paper both photogrammetric surveys and their link with archaeological data through a common formalism based both on pure XML and on ontology
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