Onsets of progression and second treatment determine survival of patients with symptomatic Waldenström macroglobulinemia

Abstract

AbstractFew reports assess prognosis during follow-up of patients with symptomatic Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). In 121 WM patients treated between 1993 and 2016, we analyzed the prognostic role during the clinical course of the initial International Prognostic Scoring System for WM (IPSSWM). Then, we assessed onset of response, progression, and second treatment initiation coded as time-dependent covariates. High-risk IPSSWM was an adverse prognostic factor for survival after first treatment initiation (SAFTI). Nevertheless, the corresponding Dxy concordance index obtained in multiple landmark analyses decreased from 0.24 to 0.08 during the first 6 years, in accordance with a departure from the proportional hazard assumption. By contrast with onset of response (whatever its level), onset of progression and initiation of second-line treatment retained prognostic value for SAFTI (P = .02 and P = .006, respectively). These findings were confirmed in cause-specific Cox models for deaths related to WM, but not for unrelated deaths. Time to progression after first-line treatment and time to initiation of second-line treatment had no prognostic value for survival after these 2 events. These results were confirmed in an independent series of 119 patients homogeneously treated with chemoimmunotherapy. Finally, after second-line and third-line treatment, onset of progression had significant prognostic value for subsequent risk of related death only. Thus, taking initial IPSSWM and delayed response to treatment into account, only onset of progression and second treatment initiation provided additional prognostic information for SAFTI. Therefore, progression-free survival or time to next treatment may be satisfactory surrogate end points of SAFTI in WM.