Abstract
Rubber friction is critical in many applications ranging from automotive tyres to cylinder seals. The process where a static rubber sample transitions to frictional sliding is particularly poorly understood. The experimental and simulation results in this paper show a completely different detachment process from the static situation to sliding motion under dry and lubricated conditions. The results underline the contribution of the rubber bulk properties to the static friction force. In fact, simple Amontons’ law is sufficient as a local friction law to produce the correct detachment pattern when the rubber material and loading conditions are modelled properly. Simulations show that micro-sliding due to vertical loading can release initial shear stresses and lead to a high static/dynamic friction coefficient ratio, as observed in the measurements.
Highlights
The high-speed camera image sequences were analysed by digital image correlation (DIC) to investigate the detachment process
The contact pressure maximum is at the centre because of the incompressibility of rubber
The missing shear stress peaks do not provide a natural singularity for slip propagation; the onset of frictional sliding is chaotic and coincides everywhere in the contact
Summary
A rubber sample (60 × 60 mm2) was pressed against dry and wet glass surfaces in a linear friction tester (Fig. 1). The complete contact area is already sliding at 0.016 s, whereas the same sample has not started clear detachment on dry glass (Fig. 2). The effect of the dwell time on the static friction was studied in the linear friction tester by loading the rubber sample against a dry or wet glass surface with a force of 400 N for different dwell times ranging from 2 to 600 s.
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