Abstract
Flow analysis has been utilized for elemental and species quantification by online isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Online isotope dilution (ID) herein refers to strategies promoting the addition of enriched isotopic solutions to the samples while flowing towards the plasma. Applications of online ID's are commonly performed in aqueous media, however, in some processes the analyte transference to the vapor phase using electrothermal vaporization, vapor generation or laser ablation is also required. Flow diagrams to perform online pre or post-column spiking with the enriched isotope for quantification by ID in speciation analysis by liquid chromatography, gas chromatography or capillary electrophoresis devices coupled to ICP-MS are presented. The main figures of merit and equations applied to elemental and species quantification by ID in flowing schemes are assessed.
Highlights
Isotopic analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows the quantitative and accurate determination of most elements via the method of isotope dilution (ID)
This review presents the development, advantages and applications of online spiking modes to perform elements and species quantification by ICP-IDMS
The improvements in the applicability of online isotope dilution analysis by ICP-MS are certainly related to the instrumental developments, to the efficient detection of transient signals and to the availability of high quality enriched isotopic solutions for spiking samples
Summary
Isotopic analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows the quantitative and accurate determination of most elements via the method of isotope dilution (ID). Flow injection (FI) strategies and online schemes had been useful to spike samples with the enriched isotopic solutions for elemental and speciation analysis by ICPIDMS. The efficiency of measuring IR in transient signals is based on some considerations; the ICP high ionization efficiency for gaseous and liquid samples assure isotopic equilibrium in the plasma and the fast scanning detection of the involved isotopes allows good precision to be attained, minimizing any plasma fluctuation.[4]. The application of online ID for speciation analysis by ICP-MS has been largely applied since the proposal of Rottman and Heumann in 1994.9 Authors described the online species-unspecific quantification by ID of one or more elements in different species by sample and spike mass flow calibration, regardless of their chemical forms. This review presents the development, advantages and applications of online spiking modes to perform elements and species quantification by ICP-IDMS
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