Abstract
This paper presents a robust and adaptive out-of-step (OOS) protection algorithm, using wide-area information, that can be applied on tie-lines in observable power systems. The developed algorithm is based upon real-time computation of the system impedance and makes use of the well-known power-angle characteristic. In this way, a setting-less OOS concept in real-time environment is developed, which is applicable for tie-lines in an arbitrary power system. Furthermore, the developed protection algorithm is installed on hardware and is verified by numerous tests. The performance of the new hardware implementation is compared to the traditional impedance-based OOS protection methods. The results confirm that the proposed algorithm detects OOS conditions faster and more reliably than the traditional impedance-based solutions.
Highlights
S EVERE faults can cause large deviations of electric power supplied by the generators in electric power systems
These are usually installed on generators and transmission tie-lines, depending on power grid topology and system dynamics
DEVELOPING OUT-OF-STEP PROTECTION CONCEPT The proposed OOS protection solution is based on the change of computed voltage phasors of the two equivalent sources behind the computed impedances located at the remote ends of the observed tie-lines
Summary
S EVERE faults can cause large deviations of electric power supplied by the generators in electric power systems. Depending on the severity of these disturbances and the applied controls, the generators can either reach a new stable equilibrium point (through the process known as a stable power swing) or lose synchronism with each other and run in an out-of-step (OOS) condition This OOS condition should be identified and reacted to as quickly as possible in order to limit the amount of stress on the power system components. By adopting impedance-based method, the minimum measured impedance during the swinging period can be used to determine the electrical swing centre during oscillations This approach, is sensitive to network reconfiguration as well as to load or generation changes, as predetermined settings are needed. Advantages Depending on the implementation, possess ability to differentiate stable and unstable swings
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