Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), or Plaquenil, is a mainstay therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other autoimmune and dermatological conditions.1 In 2016, an estimated 4.9 million prescriptions for HCQ were written in North America. Although HCQ is one of the safest disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs with minimal systemic effects, chronic use has been linked to irreversible retinopathy in a daily and cumulative dose-dependent manner by body weight. Clinical signs of HCQ-related retinal toxicity range from maculopathy with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes to advanced retinopathy with bull's eye maculopathy characterized by a ring of parafoveal RPE depigmentation.
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