Abstract
Direct printing of spin-on functional films is probably the most efficient method to develop low-cost novel photonic nanodevices, such as diffraction gratings, planar waveguides, nano- lasers, and antireflective coatings. For these applications high refractive index transparent materials are demanded; however, this class of materials generally requires inorganic oxides, well known for their hardness, typical of ceramic materials, and so incompatible with a soft character of printable resins. Herein, inorganic high refractive index TiO2 micro- and nano- structures, with unusual depth up to 600 nm and aspect ratio larger than 5, are obtained by combining thermal nanoimprint lithography (NIL) with UV curing. To achieve printed patterns, a hybrid organic-inorganic spin-on film is deposited at low-temperature by sol–gel processing. Two distinct bottom-up synthetic approaches are used, called in situ and ex situ, using titanium isopropoxide (90%) or TiO2 anatase nanoparticles (70%), respectively, and adding a silica sol modified by organic moieties. The two syntheses were optimized to obtain, after patterning by thermal imprint, amorphous or crystalline titania crack-free micro- and nano- patterns for in situ and ex situ, respectively. The further UV irradiation converts imprinted films to totally inorganic patterns, through the titania photocatalytic effect, allowing refractive indexes up to 1.82 at 632 nm to be achieved. This novel strategy of combining thermal imprint with UV exposure allows inorganic deep patterns to be fabricated without a calcination step, which is generally needed for inorganic resists processing. Eventually, a thermal treatment only at 300 °C can be applied to achieve a final refractive index of 2 at 632 nm.Direct printing of spin-on TiO2 high refractive index (1.82 @632 nm) transparent films, with depth up to 600 nm, aspect ratio larger than 5 and without lateral shrinkage are obtained combining thermal Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) with UV curing.
Highlights
Optical nanostructures, from diffraction gratings and waveguides to advanced geometries for light manipulation such as photonic crystals, have increased demands for development and applications
The in situ and ex situ films were prepared by two different synthesis strategies: the first uses a Ti-precursor, Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TiOPr), and the second a presynthesized dense anatase nanoparticles in a titania sol
These diverse behaviors and the difference of one order of magnitude of viscosity values between the ex situ and in situ films, can be explained by analyzing the sol compositions: the in situ is a sol rich in pre polymerized TiOPr, that undergoes continuous crosslinking reactions with temperature; instead, the negligible amount of silicon and titanium alkoxides in the ex situ sol dissolved in a comparable amount of solvent prevents hardening of the network and requires higher temperatures in order to crosslink the alkoxides around anatase nanoparticles
Summary
Direct printing of spin-on TiO2 high refractive index (1.82 @632 nm) transparent films, with depth up to 600 nm, aspect ratio larger than 5 and without lateral shrinkage are obtained combining thermal Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) with UV curing.
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