Abstract
MnO2-carbon hybrid (MnO2-C-PBz) was simultaneously synthesized by a one-step solution plasma process (SPP) using a single precursor referred to as “purple benzene”, which was derived from the K+(dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 ether) complex. To clarify the synergistic effects on the cationic dye removal, MnO2-free carbon and carbon-free MnO2 samples were concurrently investigated. The results of adsorption for cationic dyes (methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (Rh B)) and anionic dye (methyl orange (MO)) revealed remarkably high affinity for cationic dyes. In particular, MnO2-C-PBz exhibited the highest adsorption capacity for MB, i.e., ~3 times greater than that of the others. In addition, MnO2-C-PBz exhibited a rapid, high decolorization ability at C0 = 10 mg L−1 (within a few seconds, ~99%) and at C0 = 100 mg L−1 (within 30 min, ~81%), and the theoretical maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 357.14 mg g−1 as calculated from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Furthermore, compared with carbon-free MnO2, MnO2-C-PBz exhibited quite a good cyclic stability. We expect that our findings give rise to the understanding of the synergistic effects of MnO2-carbon hybrid, as well as role of each components for the cationic dye adsorption, and may open an innovative synthesis approach to inorganic-organic hybrid materials.
Highlights
IntroductionWith the growth in the population and development of industries, there has been a considerable increase in the manufacture of food and products (including textiles, plastics, paper, and synthetic dyes), generating a large amount of effluent[1,2]
With the growth in the population and development of industries, there has been a considerable increase in the manufacture of food and products, generating a large amount of effluent[1,2]
Crown ethers and/or decomposed oxygen-containing by-products are considered to be embedded in the carbon matrix
Summary
With the growth in the population and development of industries, there has been a considerable increase in the manufacture of food and products (including textiles, plastics, paper, and synthetic dyes), generating a large amount of effluent[1,2]. The presence of various compounds in an aquatic environment, including ions, inorganic and organic pollutants, is known to lead to the self-aggregation of MnO2 nanoparticles, thereby reducing the available active sites[10,11,12,13]. To solve these issues, numerous studies have reported the formation of hybrid materials by the combination of various materials. In this study, based on this background, inorganic oxide-organic carbon hybrid materials (i.e., the MnO2-carbon hybrid) were synthesized by a single-step SPP. MnO4− is forcibly dissolved in benzene via the formation of a K+(DCH18C6) complex, affording “purple benzene” as the single precursor[36,37,38]
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