Abstract
The (1+1)-dimensional gauge model of two complex self-interacting scalar fields that interact with each other through an Abelian gauge field and a quartic scalar interaction is considered. It is shown that the model has nontopological soliton solutions describing soliton systems consisting of two Q-ball components possessing opposite electric charges. The two Q-ball components interact with each other through the Abelian gauge field and the quartic scalar interaction. The interplay between the attractive electromagnetic interaction and the repulsive quartic interaction leads to the existence of symmetric and nonsymmetric soliton systems. Properties of these systems are investigated by analytical and numerical methods. The symmetric soliton system exists in the whole allowable interval of the phase frequency, whereas the nonsymmetric soliton system exists only in some interior subinterval. Despite the fact that these soliton systems are electrically neutral, they nevertheless possess nonzero electric fields in their interiors. It is found that the nonsymmetric soliton system is more preferable from the viewpoint of energy than the symmetric one. Both symmetric and nonsymmetric soliton systems are stable to the decay into massive scalar bosons.
Highlights
There are many field models possessing global symmetries and corresponding conserved Noether charges that admit the existence of nontopological solitons [1,2]
The determining property of a nontopological soliton is that it is an extremum of the energy functional at a fixed value of the Noether charge
This feature of nontopological solitons leads to the characteristic time dependence ∝ exp ð−iωtÞ of their fields
Summary
There are many field models possessing global symmetries and corresponding conserved Noether charges that admit the existence of nontopological solitons [1,2]. Q-balls can exist in scalar field models possessing a global non-Abelian symmetry [6,7] They are present [8,9] in supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model having flat directions in the interaction potential of scalar fields. Electrically charged Q-balls [25,26] exist in models with a scalar self-interaction potential resulting from gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking and may play an important role in cosmology. All these electrically charged nontopological solitons are three-dimensional ones. Throughout the paper, the natural units c 1⁄4 1, ħ 1⁄4 1 are used
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