Abstract
Background: Vision tests are increasingly being suggested for use in concussion management and baseline testing. Concussions, however, often occur months after baseline testing and reliability studies generally examine intervals limited to days or one week. Therefore, our objective was to determine the one-year test-retest reliability of these tests. Methods: We assessed one-year test-retest reliability of ten vision tests in elite Canadian athletes followed by the Institut National du Sport du Quebec. We included athletes who completed two baseline (preseason) annual evaluations by one clinician within 365±30 days. We excluded athletes with any concussion or vision training in between the annual evaluations or presented with any factor that is believed to affect the tests (e.g. migraines, etc.). Data were collected from clinical charts. We evaluated test-retest reliability using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Results: We examined nine female and seven male athletes with a meanage of22.7 (SD 4.5) years. Among the vision tests, we observed excellent test-retest reliability in Positive Fusional Vergence at 30cm (ICC=0.93) but this dropped to 0.55 when an outlier was excluded. There was moderate reliability in Negative Fusional Vergence at 30cm (ICC=0.78), Phoria at 30cm (ICC=0.68), Near Point of Convergence break (ICC=0.65) and Saccade (ICC=0.56). The ICC for Positive Fusional Vergence at 3m (ICC=0.56) also decreased to 0.45 after removing one outlier. We found poor reliability in Near Point of Convergence (ICC=0.47), Gross Stereoscopic Acuity (ICC=0.03) and Negative Fusional Vergence at 3m (ICC=0.0). ICC for Phoria at 3m was not appropriate because scores were identical in 14/16 athletes. 95% LoA of the majority of tests were ±40% to ±90%. Conclusions: Four tests had moderate one-year test-retest reliability. The remaining tests had poor reliability. The tests would therefore be useful only if concussion has a moderate-large effect on scores.
Highlights
Concussion, a form of mild traumatic brain injury is a growing public health concern[1]
Our results were similar to those of another study examining one-week test-retest reliability of Positive Fusional Vergence reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.53–0.5916, which is similar to the ICC we found at 3m
For Phoria at 3m, we found that the ICC and limits of agreement (LoA) were not appropriate measures of reliability because most of the population reported identical scores of zero for both measurements
Summary
Concussion, a form of mild traumatic brain injury is a growing public health concern[1]. Estimates suggest up to 3.8 million sport-related concussions occur annually in the United States, with 50% going unreported[2]. Vision tests are increasingly being suggested for use in concussion management and baseline testing. Concussions, often occur months after baseline testing and reliability studies generally examine intervals limited to days or one week. Methods: We assessed one-year test-retest reliability of ten vision tests in elite Canadian athletes followed by the Institut National du Sport du Quebec. We excluded athletes with any concussion or vision training in between the annual evaluations or presented with any factor that is believed to affect the tests (e.g. migraines, etc.). We observed excellent test-retest reliability in Positive Fusional Vergence at 30cm (ICC=0.93) but this dropped to 0.55 when an outlier was excluded.
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