Abstract
In this paper, we report the results obtained from one year of real-time measurement (i.e., from December 2019 to November 2020) of atmospheric black carbon (BC) under a rural environment in Qingdao of Northeastern China. The annual average concentration of BC was 1.92 ± 1.89 μg m−3. The highest average concentration of BC was observed in winter (3.65 ± 2.66 μg m−3), followed by fall (1.73 ± 1.33 μg m−3), spring (1.53 ± 1.33 μg m−3), and summer (0.83 ± 0.56 μg m−3). A clear weekend effect was observed in winter, which was characterized by higher BC concentration (4.60 ± 2.86 μg m−3) during the weekend rather than that (3.22 ± 2.45 μg m−3) during weekdays. The influence of meteorological parameters, including surface horizontal wind speed, boundary layer height (BLH), and precipitation, on BC, was investigated. In particular, such BLH influence presented evidently seasonal dependence, while there was no significant seasonality for horizontal wind speed. These may reflect different roles of atmospheric vertical dilution on affecting BC in different seasons. The △BC/△CO ratio decreased with the increase of precipitation, indicative of the influence of below-cloud wet removal of BC, especially during summertime where rainfall events more frequently occurred than any of other seasons. The bivariate-polar-plot analysis showed that the high BC concentrations were mainly associated with low wind speed in all seasons, highlighting an important BC source originated from local emissions. By using concentration-weighted trajectory analysis, it was found that regional transports, especially from northeastern in winter, could not be negligible for contributing to BC pollution in rural Qingdao. In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID−19) case analysis, we observed an obvious increase in the BC/NO2 ratio during the COVID-19 lockdown, supporting the significant non-traffic source sector (such as residential coal combustion) for BC in rural Qingdao.
Highlights
Black carbon (BC), generated from incomplete combustion processes of biomass or fossil fuels, is an important component of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5, aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than 2.5 μm) [1,2,3]
The concentration (0.55 μg m−3 ) with the highest frequency can be regarded as the most representative under the atmospheric condition in the region [55]. These results indicated that the level of BC concentration in rural areas of Qingdao was at the middle level
These results indicate that the contribution of the sources of BC in rural Qingdao was uniquely seasonal, while the magnitude of the influence of meteorological factors (WS, wind direction (WD), boundary layer height (BLH), and precipitation) on BC varied between seasons
Summary
Black carbon (BC), generated from incomplete combustion processes of biomass or fossil fuels, is an important component of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5 , aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than 2.5 μm) [1,2,3]. BC directly absorbs solar radiation, generating direct radiative forcing, but it can sever as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) affecting cloud processes [4] and deposit on snow and ice surfaces, reducing their surface albedo [5], leading to indirect radiative forcing. BC has a significant climate effect on both regional and global scales [6], which may be the second most important climate warmer only after carbon dioxide (CO2 ) [2]. It is essential to conduct long-term measurement of BC and thereby investigate its temporal variation characterization to improve our understanding of BC cycles in the atmosphere and to constrain modeling studies
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