Abstract
Abstract. Size distribution data of major aerosol constituents are essential in source apportioning of visibility degradation, testing and verification of air quality models incorporating aerosols. We report here 1-year observations of mass size distributions of major inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) and oxalate at a coastal suburban receptor site in Hong Kong, China. A total of 43 sets of size-segregated samples in the size range of 0.056–18 μm were collected from March 2011 to February 2012. The size distributions of sulfate, ammonium, potassium and oxalate were characterized by a dominant droplet mode with a mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) in the range of ~ 0.7–0.9 μm. Oxalate had a slightly larger MMAD than sulfate on days with temperatures above 22 °C as a result of the process of volatilization and repartitioning. Nitrate was mostly dominated by the coarse mode but enhanced presence in fine mode was detected on winter days with lower temperature and lower concentrations of sea salt and soil particles. This data set reveals an inversely proportional relationship between the fraction of nitrate in the fine mode and product of the sum of sodium and calcium in equivalent concentrations and the dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate (i.e., (1/([Na+] + 2[Ca2+]) × (1/Ke')) when Pn_fine is significant (> 10%). The seasonal variation observed for sea salt aerosol abundance, with lower values in summer and winter, is possibly linked with the lower marine salinities in these two seasons. Positive matrix factorization was applied to estimate the relative contributions of local formation and transport to the observed ambient sulfate level through the use of the combined data sets of size-segregated sulfate and select gaseous air pollutants. On average, the regional/super-regional transport of air pollutants was the dominant source at this receptor site, especially on high-sulfate days while local formation processes contributed approximately 30% of the total sulfate. This work provides field-measurement-based evidence important for understanding both local photochemistry and regional/super-regional transport in order to properly simulate sulfate aerosols in air quality models.
Highlights
The size distribution of aerosols records information of sources and atmospheric processing of particulates
Substantial knowledge has been gained on the size distributions of the major inorganic ions, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), in the past decade in Hong Kong (HK) and over the adjacent Pearl River delta (PRD) region in southern China (Zhuang et al, 1999a, b; Yao et al, 2003; Huang et al, 2006; Liu et al, 2008; Yu et al, 2010; Lan et al, 2011)
Size distributions of nine ionic species (SO24−, NO−3, Cl−, C2O24−, Na+, NH+4, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) were determined in a total of 43 sets of samples collected at a suburban receptor location over a year
Summary
The size distribution of aerosols records information of sources and atmospheric processing of particulates. These characteristics of atmospheric particles directly influence local visibility and regional radiative forcing. Substantial knowledge has been gained on the size distributions of the major inorganic ions, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), in the past decade in Hong Kong (HK) and over the adjacent Pearl River delta (PRD) region in southern China (Zhuang et al, 1999a, b; Yao et al, 2003; Huang et al, 2006; Liu et al, 2008; Yu et al, 2010; Lan et al, 2011). Q. Bian et al.: Inorganic ions and oxalate
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