Abstract
Long-term symptoms after whiplash injury often comprise neck pain, headache, anxiety, depression, functional impairment and low quality of life. In an observational cohort study, we examined physical and mental health effects in patients with subacute to chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) after participation in a multimodal rehabilitation (MMR) program. MMR is a team-based multi-professional method based on a bio-psycho-social model with a cognitive focus to reach an individualized and common goal for the team and patient together. Standardized self-report questionnaires were filled in three times: before MMR, after MMR, and one year after MMR. A total of 322 participants completed the program, 161 of whom responded in full and were further analyzed. At one-year follow-up after MMR, a significant improvement was seen in the evaluation of the primary outcomes (physical and mental health) and secondary outcomes (anxiety, depression, pain intensity and interference with life). Women improved on all outcomes while men did not improve on the psychological measures (mental health, depression and anxiety). This study indicates that a MMR program could be beneficial for patients with subacute to chronic WAD, at least for women, since the outcomes at one-year follow-up were positive.
Highlights
Road accidents are a common cause of traumatic neck injury/whiplash injury
This can result in a whiplash injury of bony or soft tissue which in turn can manifest clinically in various ways, such as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), which can be classified on a five-point scale according to the Quebec Task Force Classification of Grades of Whiplash
A total number of 322 participants were enrolled in the multimodal rehabilitation (MMR) program
Summary
The incidence of whiplash injuries in Sweden is between 1.0 and 3.2/1000 persons per year [1,2]. Whiplash trauma is most commonly associated with a motor vehicle accident, usually from the rear end or the side, which generates an acceleration/deceleration mechanism that transfers energy to the neck of the driver or a passenger. This can result in a whiplash injury of bony or soft tissue which in turn can manifest clinically in various ways, such as whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), which can be classified on a five-point scale according to the Quebec Task Force Classification of Grades of Whiplash. In Sweden, approximately 500 persons per year are unable to work because of
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