Abstract
Hydrophobic clinoptilolite (CP) was successfully synthesized via a silanization method using methyltriethoxysilane (MTS) or diethoxydimethylsilane (DMTS) as silane coupling agents. The structural and textural properties of the resultant hydrophobic CP were characterized using various methods. The effect of the amount of MTS or DMTS additive on the induction (nucleation) and growth of CP were also investigated, and the apparent activation energy values for induction and growth periods were calculated, suggesting that the induction period is kinetically controlled, while the rapid growth process is thermodynamically controlled. Meanwhile, DMTS modification enhanced the hydrophobicity of CP compared with its MTS-modified counterpart and pure CP. Finally, various ZnO-supported CPs were used as photocatalysts for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution, demonstrating that ZnO/hydrophobic CP has the largest adsorption capacity and best removal performance. These results suggest that hydrophobic CP, as an adsorbent or support, has the most potential for applications in separation and catalysis.
Highlights
As a typical non-biodegradable dye, crystal violet (C25H30N3Cl, abbreviated as CV, with a solubility in water of 50 g LÀ1 at 25 C and maximum adsorption wavelength with a characteristic peak of 580–583 nm) is presently largely used in industry, but may cause skin irritation, and even cancer, in humans and other animals.1 it is highly desirable to remove CV dye from industrial wastewater before it is discharged into streams and rivers
A similar phenomenon was observed for the additive DMTS. These observations could be interpreted by the fact that the hydrophobic –CH3 in MTS or DMTS used as terminal groups play roles in slowing the crystallization procedure in the onestep synthesis system
On the basis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the CP samples synthesized using MTS or DMTS as a silane coupling agent at different crystallization temperatures for different crystallization times, the degree of crystallinity of the synthesized CPs was calculated from the relative values of the sum of the intensities of ten peaks for the HEU structures:22 [020], [200], [111], [], [330], [], Paper
Summary
As a typical non-biodegradable dye, crystal violet (C25H30N3Cl, abbreviated as CV, with a solubility in water of 50 g LÀ1 at 25 C and maximum adsorption wavelength with a characteristic peak of 580–583 nm) is presently largely used in industry, but may cause skin irritation, and even cancer, in humans and other animals.1 it is highly desirable to remove CV dye from industrial wastewater before it is discharged into streams and rivers.
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