Abstract
Recent research tried to analyze the conjugation of some chemotherapeutic drugs to the biologically produced gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in one step, without the use of any additional linkers. GNPs was produced using Fusarium oxysporum and their presence was confirmed using spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. In order to carry out the conjugation study, capecitabine, tamoxifen, and paclitaxel were added dropwise to the GNPs solution under stirring condition and spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and FTIR analyses were performed to prove the successful conjugation. Finally, AGS and MCF7 cell lines were used for methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay to determine the toxicity of each drug and its conjugated form. Results showed that the spherical and hexagonal GNPs with maximum absorbance peak around 524 nm and average sizes less than 20 nm were produced. FTIR analysis clarified the presence of proteins on the surfaces of the GNPs. After the conjugation process although the FTIR analysis demonstrated that all the drugs were successfully conjugated to GNPs, MTT assay revealed that unlike the paclitaxel conjugated GNPs, capecitabine and tamoxifen conjugates displayed no toxic effects due to their deactivation and low half-lives. Moreover the average size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the GNPs after conjugation with all the three tested drugs increased. In conclusion different types of drugs could conjugate to the GNPs but it is important to employ high stable forms of the drugs in the conjugation procedure.
Highlights
Recent research tried to analyze the conjugation of some chemotherapeutic drugs to the biologically produced gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in one step, without the use of any additional linkers
The results revealed that the produced GNPs had spherical and hexagonal shapes with the average sizes less than 20 nm
The biologically produced GNPs had the ability of conjugation with different types of chemotherapeutic drugs but it is very important to choose the drugs which preserve their activity in the linking process
Summary
Recent research tried to analyze the conjugation of some chemotherapeutic drugs to the biologically produced gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in one step, without the use of any additional linkers. Capecitabine, tamoxifen and paclitaxel are used for the treatment of different cancer types and induce high cytotoxicity to the different cancerous cell types[3] These drugs, like the many other ones have undesirable influences and toxic side effects on the normal cells[4]. Among them are Liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, and nanotubes that are used as drug carriers[5] Sometimes, these drug delivery vehicles are designed to be selectively attached to the cancerous cells. Some especial ligands have been conjugated to the surfaces of the drug delivery vehicles so that the drug is delivered through ligands and the specific receptors of the cancerous cells[6] This technique is very precise and attractive, there are some limitations such as the fact that the synthesis of the above mentioned materials is time consuming and expensive. Drugs conjugated nanoparticles have higher half lives in the body than the non-conjugated forms and due to lower lymph drainage and higher blood circulation in the tumor site, the drug loaded nanoaprticles are accumulated in that region and are more toxic for the cancerous cells than the normal ones[7]
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