One-step assay for quantification of neutralizing antibodies to biopharmaceuticals

Abstract

Assessment of immunogenicity is an important part of biopharmaceutical drug safety evaluation and a prerequisite for the development of less immunogenic and safer biopharmaceuticals since anti-drug antibodies can impair the activity and compromise the safety of biopharmaceuticals. Although regulatory authorities recommend cell-based assays for detection of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), such assays are difficult to standardize, and ill adapted to high-throughput analysis. These limitations have been overcome by the development of a unique one-step cell-based assay that allows both drug activity and drug NAbs to be quantified rapidly and with a high degree of precision simply be adding reporter cells to a sample. The reporter cells have been engineered to express firefly luciferase (FL) under the control of a drug-responsive promoter, and to express the drug of interest, the production of which is normalized relative to the expression of Renilla luciferase (RL) transcribed from a common doxycycline-inducible promoter. Residual drug levels present in a sample are first quantified by determination of FL expression, autocrine drug synthesis is then induced, and NAb activity is quantified from the difference in the ratio of FL/RL expression in the presence or absence of the sample. Since assay results are normalized relative to the expression of an internal standard, results are independent of cell number or differences in cell viability thus affording a high degree of assay precision and reducing serum matrix effects to a minimum. This unique assay platform is ideally suited for high-throughput analysis, is applicable to most biopharmaceuticals, and will facilitate standardization and comparison of immunogenicity data. The performance of the one-step assay is illustrated for interferon alpha2 (IFNalpha2) used widely to treated chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection and neoplastic disease.