Abstract
An eco-friendly and efficient green protocol is developed for the synthesis of sixteen pyrazolo-phthalazine derivatives (5a–p) by using inexpensive biodegradable eggshell powder (ESP) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The four-component one-pot condensation reaction proceeded through Knoevenagel–Michael reaction of different chosen active methylene compounds, phthalic anhydride, and hydrazine hydride with various substituted aromatic aldehydes in the water at 60 °C, and furnished the high yields of products (93–98%) in rapid reaction time of 28 to 45 min. The material was characterized by different analytical techniques (SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, and FT-IR), and was composed of the high percentage of calcium oxides and carbonates, and less percentage of Na and Mg elements (based on EDX analysis). The ESP material displayed recyclability (4 times) without any notable loss of catalytic efficacy. Besides, this procedure offers 98% of the atom economy and 100% of carbon efficiency together with significant fiscal and enviro-friendly benefits.
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