Abstract
Due to the great economic, health, and medicinal importance, Phoenix dactylifera seeds were chosen for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their ecofriendly, nonhazardous, cost effectiveness advancement over physical and chemical methods, as green methods are safe, one step, and simple and did not require any chemical reducing and stabilizing agents. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, HR-TEM, and DLS. Further, the bactericidal activity of synthesized AgNPs against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was investigated by determining MIC/MBC, agar diffusion methods, and electron microscopy. TEM images of the so-formed AgNPs revealed that the NPs were spherical in shape, with a size range of 14–30 nm. The MIC and MBC of AgNPs for MRSA were found to be 10.67±0.94 and 17.33±1.89 μg/ml, respectively. The antibacterial activities were found to be increased with the increasing concentration of AgNPs. The zone of inhibition was greater (24mm) at highest concentrations (500μg/ml) of AgNPs, while smaller (11mm) at lowest concentrations (7.8μg/ml). The SEM images of treated MRSA cells showed wrinkled and damaged cell wall, indicating the disruption and disorganization of membrane. HR-TEM analysis exhibits extensive injury and complete disintegration of cell wall and membrane. Large translucent zones have been seen in the cytoplasm, due to either localized or complete separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall. Overall, these results indicate that green synthesized AgNPs should be considered as an effective treatment and prevention option for the medical devises related infections caused by deadly MRSA and other drug resistant pathogens.
Highlights
Among noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gain great interest due to their broad applications in medicine, dentistry, drug delivery, tissue and tumour imaging, biolabeling, biosensing, optics, coating for solar energy absorption, catalysis, mirrors, photography, electronics, and the food industry [1,2,3]
The nanoparticles synthesized from chemical and physical methods generally require high temperature, pressure, expensive equipment, toxic chemicals, and reagents and most importantly capping agents for the stabilization of nanoparticles; these methods are toxic to environment and nonecofriendly
The green synthesis of AgNPs is based on the mechanisms of plant extract assisted reduction of metal salt due to the presence of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Summary
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gain great interest due to their broad applications in medicine, dentistry, drug delivery, tissue and tumour imaging, biolabeling, biosensing, optics, coating for solar energy absorption, catalysis, mirrors, photography, electronics, and the food industry [1,2,3]. AgNPs can be synthesized by a large numbers of physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid methods. The nanoparticles synthesized from chemical and physical methods generally require high temperature, pressure, expensive equipment, toxic chemicals, and reagents and most importantly capping agents for the stabilization of nanoparticles; these methods are toxic to environment and nonecofriendly. The green routes of synthesis for AgNPs have additional advantages such as ecofriendliness, cost effectiveness, inexpensive, safer, and fast and provide natural capping and stabilization agents.
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