One-Dimensional Scales for Pain Evaluation Adopted in Italian Nursing Practice: Giving Preference to Deaf Patients

Abstract

Despite the increasing attention given to pain, little is known about how deaf patients communicate their pain and which pain scales they prefer to use. Studies of the validity of various scales often specify conditions that exclude them. With the aim to explore the preferred pain evaluation scale and the method of administration when evaluating deaf patients, a descriptive phenomenology of qualitative research study was undertaken and articulated in two phases. In the first phase, a purposeful sample of 10 nurses with experience in the care of deaf clients was studied using focus groups to collect data regarding which pain scale they used and the methods they used to administer the scales in clinical settings during care to deaf patients. In the second phase, a purposeful sample of 16 deaf people was engaged in multiple focus groups to analyze a set of one-dimension scales that emerged from the first phase of the study with nurses and to discuss their preferences for pain scales. Nurses who participated in the focus group reported using the numerical rating scale, visual analogue scale, Faces Pain Scale, and the Iowa Pain Thermometer (IPT) scale when caring for deaf people. Deaf patients involved in the second phase of this study preferred the IPT scale. Participants also noted the interference of environmental factors such as dimly lit rooms or glaring lights in situations that required lipreading for communication of pain such as in operating rooms. It was concluded that decisions regarding how to administer pain scales to deaf persons need to consider the preferences and the values of the patients. To avoid the risk of misunderstanding the pain of deaf patients, practice guidelines and strategies related to measuring pain in deaf persons should be specified by deaf associations at international, national, and local levels. Utilization of a simple sign language even at an international level could guarantee security in the communication of the pain between patients and health care workers and may help in the assessment of acute pain even in emergency conditions.