Abstract
The electron diffusion length (Ln) is smaller than the hole diffusion length (Lp) in many halide perovskite semiconductors meaning that the use of ordered one-dimensional (1D) structures such as nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs) as electron transport layers (ETLs) is a promising method of achieving high performance halide perovskite solar cells (HPSCs). ETLs consisting of oriented and aligned NWs and NTs offer the potential not merely for improved directional charge transport but also for the enhanced absorption of incoming light and thermodynamically efficient management of photogenerated carrier populations. The ordered architecture of NW/NT arrays affords superior infiltration of a deposited material making them ideal for use in HPSCs. Photoconversion efficiencies (PCEs) as high as 18% have been demonstrated for HPSCs using 1D ETLs. Despite the advantages of 1D ETLs, there are still challenges that need to be overcome to achieve even higher PCEs, such as better methods to eliminate or passivate surface traps, improved understanding of the hetero-interface and optimization of the morphology (i.e., length, diameter, and spacing of NWs/NTs). This review introduces the general considerations of ETLs for HPSCs, deposition techniques used, and the current research and challenges in the field of 1D ETLs for perovskite solar cells.
Highlights
The increasing global demand for energy has spurred research efforts to find new and improved sources of cheap, environmentally neutral, renewable energy
electron transport layers (ETLs) play an important role in the overall performance of perovskite solar cells, facilitating electron transport and limiting the geminate recombination of electrons and holes
ETLs could play but one that has not been explored sufficiently, is that of a photon management layer (PML), since at the high performance end it is losses related to the management of photons that limit the achievement of efficiencies close to the single junction theoretical limit
Summary
The increasing global demand for energy has spurred research efforts to find new and improved sources of cheap, environmentally neutral, renewable energy. One dimensional nanostructures (1D-NS),consisting ,of are to lever the network same advantages of mesoscopic structures, while being able structure anable interconnected of nanoparticles, results in non-directional electron to allowinvolving for a more complete of perovskite into the electron transport a random walk infiltration [19]. Their directional charge transport properties enable increased solar cell efficiencies to lever the same advantages of mesoscopic structures, while being able to allow for a more complete [20,21,22,23]. 1D-NS withofoptimized perovskite solar cells and how they relate to using one-dimensional electron transport layers geometries enable the improved management of incident photons in the solar cell. Issues that still need to be solved in order for 1D-NS to achieve commercial viability are addressed
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