Abstract
The nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D member 1 (Nr1d1), plays a role in the skeletal muscle’s oxidative capacity, mitochondrial biogenesis, atrophy genes, and muscle fiber size. In light of the effects of physical exercise, the present study investigates the acute response of Nr1d1 and genes related to atrophy and mitochondrial biogenesis on endurance and resistance exercise protocols. In this investigation, we observed, after one bout of endurance exercise, an upregulation of Nr1d1 in soleus muscle, but not in the gastrocnemius, and some genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and atrophy were enhanced as well. Also, analysis of muscle transcripts from diverse isogenic BXD mice families revealed that the strains with higher Nr1d1 gene expression displayed upregulation of AMPK signaling and mitochondrial-related genes. In summary, a single session of endurance exercise can enhance the Nr1d1 mRNA levels in an oxidative muscle.
Highlights
Acute and chronic physical exercises can be used as a non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat several diseases, improve life quality, and maximize athletes’ performance (Gleeson et al, 2011)
We visualized the distribution of muscle Nr1d1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in 42 strains of isogenic BXD mice, highlighting four strains with lower (BXD95, 98, 89, and 68) and four strains with higher (BXD45, DBA/2J, BXD60, and BXD90) levels of Nr1d1 mRNA in the skeletal muscle (Figures 4A,B)
The transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the variations of Nr1d1 influenced several genes related to AMPK signaling and mitochondria (Figures 4C–E)
Summary
Acute and chronic physical exercises can be used as a non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat several diseases, improve life quality, and maximize athletes’ performance (Gleeson et al, 2011). Glucocorticoids can inhibit the mTOR pathway through Krüppellike factor 15 (KLF15). This pathway has an important function in skeletal muscle catabolism due to the transcriptional upregulations of atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein-1, which are related to muscle mass control. The acute endurance exercise is related to the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) pathway, increasing skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, mitochondrial content, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (Hardie et al, 2012). As Ruas and colleagues (Woldt et al, 2013) described, the isoform named PGC1-α4 is linked to hypertrophy responses in skeletal muscle.
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