Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent a promising therapeutic modality via the induction of long-term immune response and reduction in adverse effects by specifically targeting tumor-associated antigens. Oncolytic virus, especially vaccinia virus (VV) is a promising cancer treatment option for effective cancer immunotherapy and thus can also be utilized in cancer vaccines. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is likely to respond to immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or cancer vaccines, since it has a high tumor mutational burden. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of VV in lung cancer treatment and discuss the potential and direction of VV-based therapeutic vaccines.
Highlights
Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer, with 2.2 million new cases (11.4%), and is the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), according to the GLOBOCAN 2020 [1]
In another phase IIB clinical trial, evaluating the combination of TG4010 with first-line chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), TG4010 was demonstrated to enhance the effect of chemotherapy, which was shown in the improved 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) [49]
Many oncolytic viruses (OVs) enter the cancer cells via receptors presenting in the host cells; the entry of vaccinia virus occurs via different mechanisms [53]
Summary
Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer, with 2.2 million new cases (11.4%), and is the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), according to the GLOBOCAN 2020 [1]. The needs for novel therapies to improve survival in lung cancer requires the discovery and development of new treatment modalities for NSCLC patients at advanced stages. The failure of therapeutic cancer vaccines in NSCLC is attributed to the suboptimal vaccine design including inappropriate antigen targeting, inadequate patient selection (stage of disease) [15], ineffective adjuvants [16], tumor-induced immunosuppression, or immunosenescence [17]. These challenges drive a critical need for novel research in tumor immunology and vaccine development to design effective vaccine regimens for treatment of NSCLC. Decoster et al [20])
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