Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably the most successful live biotherapeutic agent because of its critical role in the eradication of smallpox, one of the most deadly diseases in human history. VACV has been exploited as an oncolytic therapeutic agent for cancer since 1922. This virus selectively infects and destroys tumor cells, while sparing normal cells, both in cell cultures and in animal models. A certain degree of therapeutic efficacy also has been demonstrated in patients with different types of cancer. In recent years, several strategies have been successfully developed to further improve its tumor selectivity and antitumor efficacy. Oncolytic VACVs carrying imaging genes represent a new treatment strategy that combines tumor site-specific therapeutics with diagnostics (theranostics).
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