Abstract
Preface: Survival rates of childhood cancer have been steadily improving over the past 3 decades, with 5-year overall survival now approaching 85% in Western countries. These changes have shifted parental and patients concerns. While survival was previously the primary concern, the late effects of cancer treatment are now becoming major healthcare issues. Epidemiological studies in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) have shown a significant decrease in male fertility when compared to their healthy siblings. Low sperm count or azoospermia are the most common characteristics of infertility in these patients. Studies of sperm from adult cancer patients showed that cancer itself and its treatment are able to induce sperm aneuploidy, chromatin damage, and epigenetic changes that persist for years post chemotherapy. In childhood cancer, it is still unclear whether the sperm produced years after the completion of cancer treatment may still contain chromatin and DNA damage.
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